The Seventeenth Century: 1600 - 1699
The Eighteenth Century: 1701 - 1799
The Nineteenth Century: 1800 - 1899
The Twentieth Century: 1900 - 1999
Reference Sources and Selected Links
Reminder:
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1800
"In 1800, approximately 75% of the population [America] were directly engaged in agricultural production. By 1850, it was less than 60% and by 1900, less than 40% were engaged in agricultural production." Modern Agriculture.
1801
John Chapman, Johnny Appleseed, begins planting apple trees in the Ohio Valley.
1802
Erasmus Darwin
(1731-1802). English physician and natural scientist.
Alexander von Humboldt shows the merits of South American bird guano
for plants.
Natural Theology. William Paley.
1803
The German pharmacist, Friedrich Saturner, names
morphine after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus.
Empress Josephine Bonaparte's rose garden is shown in prints by
Pierre-Joseph Redoute.
1804
Royal Horticultural Society in England is established.
Joseph Priestly (1733 - 1804). Studied gases released by plants.
1805
Description Botanique du Chiranthodendron.
José Dionisio Larreátegui. Full-text
online.
The gardens of Empress Josephine Bonaparte's gardens at Malmaison in
France have over 2,000 species of plants. Her
head gardener was
Aime Bonpland.
1806
The American Gardener's Calendar. Bernard
McMahon.
An Inquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening.
Humphry Repton.
1807
1808
Botanical Gardens in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, (Kew Garden Associate) established.
1809
Every Man His Own Gardener. Thomas
Mawe and John Abercrombie. 19th Edition, 1st Ed. 1769.
Jean Babtiste Lamark's theories about
evolution are published.
1810
Three Essays on the Picturesque. Uvedal
Price.
In England, Peter Durand, invents the tin can for preserving foods.
1811
1812
Flowers - Quotes for Gardeners
1813
Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813). French writer and farmer
1814
1815
1816
The Florist's Manual. Maria Jackson.
1817
1818
Humphry Repton (1752-1818). English garden
designer.
Thomas
Nuttall. Genera of North American Plants.
Pioneer
farm life in the Ozarks.
1819
1820
Les Jardins. Poem by Abbe De
Lille.
Joseph Banks (1743-1820) Plant collector, botanist, explorer of
Australia, President of the Royal Horticultural Society for 40 years, wealthy
landowner. Brought 3,500 different species of plants to the Kew RBG.
Myths about tomatoes being harmful to humans are repudiated by
agricultural experts.
1821
The American Gardener. William Cobett. Nurseryman and plant collector.
1822
The Encyclopedia of Gardening. John C. Loudon.
1823
In France, Louis Bernard Rabaut invented an expresso coffee machine.
1824
1825
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Agriculture.
1826
Gardener's Magazine (1826-1843)
Published by John C. Loudon.
Thomas Jefferson (1783-1826). American President, writer, farmer
(Monticello), and plantsman.
Visit his Monticello home and
gardens. What was a day
with Jefferson like at Monticello. On-line
Resources.
Robert Stein invents and patents methods of distillation for production
of liquors, spirits, and liqueurs.
Apple orchards
in Canada.
1829
The English Gardener.
William Cobbett.
A History of English Gardening. George
Johnson.
Machines to break up bones for fertilizer are invented.
St. James Metropolitan Cemetery in Liverpool, England.
Start of garden cemetery movement.
Terrarium horticulture developed by Nathaniel B. Ward (1791-1868) - the
Wardian case.
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
1830
Rural Rides. William
Cobbett.
John Deere develops and produces the first steel plowshare.
The lawn mower invented in England by Edwin Beard butting.
1831
Maplelawn
Gardens, Ontario, B.C.
Charles Darwin begins a scientific expedition on the ship
Beagle.
1832
Every Lady Her Own Flower Garden. Louisa
Johnson.
William Hooker (1779-1832). Botanical illustrator
and artist. Botanical
art supplies.
Practical Hints for Landscape Gardeners. William
Sawrey Gilpin (1762-1843).
Georges Cuvier
(1769-1832).
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832). Penetrating Goethe.
1833
Jewish kosher food in the U.S..
1834
David Douglas (1799-1834). English plant collector - collected in western America.
1835
William Cobbett (1763-1835)
1836
1837
1838
The Rose Fancier's Manual.
Catherine Gore.
The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By
John C. Loudon.
The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, Native and Foreign (Arboretum
Et Fruticetum Britannicum).
By John C. Loudon. 8 Volumes.
1839
The Voyage of the Beagle. Charles Darwin.
I Welcome Your Comments and Suggestions
1840
Gardening for Ladies. Jane
Loudon.
The Derby Arboretum, a Public Park, designed by John Loudon.
The English import bat guano fertilizer from South America.
Kew National Botanical Gardens transferred from Crow to British
government. William J. Hooker appointed director of
Kew NBG. 250 acres.
Opened to public on weekends.
Soil chemistry research by the German chemist Julius von Liebig.
Minerals, humus, manure, and fertilizer are essential to
plant growth. Law of the minimum
formulated.
1841
Gardener's Chronicle -
Published by Joseph Paxton.
The Ladies Companion to the Flower Garden. Mane
Loudon.
Landscape Gardening: A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of
Landscape Gardening. Andrew J. Downing.
Victoria Park, London, a public park, designed by James Pennethorne.
Syracuse, New York, hosts the first state agricultural fair in America.
Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (1824-1873). Augustin de Candolle
(1775-1841) worked on the
Prodromus from 1816 until his death in 1841, then his son, Alphonse
(1806-1893).
Irish potato famine
begins.
1842
Cottage Residences. Andrew
J. Downing.
John B. Lawes opens Deptford factory in England making fertilizer from
bones and sulfuric acid.
The Southern Farmer and Market-Gardener.
Francis S. Holmes.
1843
John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843). English
gardener and writer.
Birkenhead Park, Wirral, Merseyside, a people's park, designed by
Joseph Paxton.
The Rothamsted Experimental Station, England, developed by Sir John
Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert.
Rothamsted is the oldest agricultural experiment station in the world.
1844
Jane Loudon's flower paintings.
Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire (1772-1844)
1845
The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America.
Andrew J. Downing and Charles Downing.
The Horticulturist - A magazine published by
Andrew J. Downing.
A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Gardening Adapted to North
America. Andrew J. Downing.
John Chapman,
Johnny Applseed (1774-1845)
1846
Queen's park, Manchester England, designed by Joshua
Major.
Hemp production
in the U.S.
1847
The Flowers Personified. JJ Grandville.
1848
The Cottage Gardens of American. Walter Elder.
1849
A Practical Treatise on the Management of Fruit
Trees. George Jacques.
Patents issued on chemical fertilizers: guano and sulfate of ammonia.
Mixed chemical fertilizers sold commercially in the
U.S..
1850
How to Lay Out a Small Garden.
Joseph Paxton.
Cultivating
Canadian Gardens: A History of Gardening In Canada. Presented by the
National Library of Canada.
Interesting facts
about Huron agriculture, Canadian flora, pioneer gardens, and 19th Century seed
catalogs. Includes a bibliography, links, and photographs.
The growth of railroad systems around the world from 1850-1890 greatly
expanded the marketing options for agriculture.
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1851
The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park
constructed. Designed by Joseph Paxton.
John James Audubon (1785-1851) American ornithologist
and painter.
Joseph Hooker brings 6,5000 species of plants from India to Kew NBG.
1852
Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852). American landscape architect and horticulturist. Editor of The Horticulturist from 1845.
Chorlton's Grape Growers Guide.
William Chorlton.
Tea plants sent from China to Indian Himalayas by Robert Fortune.
Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England. Federick
L. Olmsted.
1853
Ephraim Wales Bull develops first stock of Concord
grapes.
The Farmer's Guide to Scientific and Practical Agriculture.
Henry Stephens. Full-text online.
Robert Veitch's nurseries in Chelsea and Exeter are very successful.
1854
Walden. By Henry David
Thoreau.
The American Gardener. William Cobbett. Full-text online.
1855
The Old Homestead. Anna S.
Stephens. Cities negative influence on rural areas.
1856
J. T. Way discovers that nitrates are formed in soils
by fertilizers containing ammonia.
Gail Borden patents and produces condensed milk.
1857
Handbook of Fruit Culture.
Thomas Gregg.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) announces theory that bacteria and germs
cause infectious diseases.
Wirt, Elizabeth Washington Wirt (1784-1857) Flora's Dictionary.
1858
Jane Loudon (1807-1858). Writer, artist,
gardener; wife and collaborator with John Loudon.
Central Park
in New York City is designed by Frederick
Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux.
1859
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection. Charles Darwin.
Plain and Pleasant Talk about Fruits, Flowers and Farming.
Henry Ward Beecher. Full-text online.
Western Fruit Book. F. R. Elliott.
4th Edition.
The bedding system is very popular: geometrical flower beds with
colorful annuals, e.g., 40,000 bedding plants
were set out in Hyde
Park, London, in 1859.
Red House, Kent, England designed by Philip Webb (1831-1915) and
commissioned by William Morris was the first Arts
and Crafts house
and garden.
1860
E. W. Hilgard's studies in ecology and soils.
The Wheat Plant. John H. Klippart.
Cree
Nation farming.
1861
Cinchona trees (for quinine) sent from Kew NBG to India.
1862
Henry David Thoreau
(1817-1862) American naturalist and essayist.
United States Department of Agriculture
established. Called the "People's Department" by President Lincoln.
Homestead Act and Morrill Land Grand College Act signed by President
Lincoln.
Wild
Apples by H. D. Thoreau.
1863
Evidence on Man's Place in
Nature. Thomas H. Huxley. Huxley's aphorisms (353K)
Pear Culture Manual. Gordon F. Ferris.
Scale insects destroy 2.5 million acres of French vines.
1864
1865
Joseph Paxton (1803-1865) English architect,
engineer, gardener, town planner.
Heirloom Vegetable Gardening: A Master Gardener’s Guide
to Planting, Seed Saving, and Cultural History.
William Woys
Weaver.
William Jackson Hooker ( - 1865) Botanist, Director of Kew NBG.
Gregor Johann Mendel publishes findings about
genetic experiments with pea plants.
Dutch in Java start production of guinine from chinchona trees smuggled
out of Bolivia.
1866
The American Gardener's Assistant.
Thomas Bridgeman. Full-text online.
Country Life: A
Handbook of Agriculture, Horticulture, & Landscape Gardening. Robert
Morris Copeland.
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (1866-1975) -
Indian Corn: Its Value, Culture and Uses.
Edward Enfield.
1867
The Small Fruit Culturist. Andrew S. Fuller.
1868
Suburbia, a planned community outside Chicago, designed
by F. L. Olmsted.
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication.
Charles Darwin.
1869
The American Woman's Home. Harriet
Beecher Stowe and Catherine Beecher.
How Crops Grow. Samuel W. Johnson.
Nature - Weekly science journal published in
London.
1870
Alpine Flowers for English Gardens.
William Robinson.
The Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Grounds of Small Extent.
Frank Scott.
Handbook of the Sulphur Cure. William
J. Flagg.
The Wild Garden. William Robinson.
1871
The Descent of Man. Charles
Darwin.
The Garden -. Magazine published by
William Robinson.
My Summer in the Garden. Charles Dudley
Warner.
1872
Farm Gardening and Seed Growing.
F. Brill.
Gardening By Myself. Anna Bartlett Waner
(1824-1915)
The Model Potato. By John McLaurin.
Cotton growing
in South Carolina
1873
Joseph Breck (1794-1873) American nurseryman
DDT invented by Othmar Zeidler. Its insecticidal properties were
not exploited until the 20th Century.
Oregon Trail. By Frances Parkman Jr..
Invention and manufacture of barbed wire fencing.
Justis Von Liebig (1803-1873).
Studied the chemistry of plant nutrition.
John Torrey.
(1796-1873). American botanist and teacher.
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807-1873)
The Four Seasons - Quotes for Gardeners
1874
1875
Henry Wickham brings rubber tree seeds from Brazil to
England, the plants later being sent to Sri Lanka.
First state agricultural station established in Connecticut at Wesleyan
University.
1876
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the
Vegetable Kingdom. Charles Darwin.
Rubber seeds smuggled out of Brazil to Kew NBG.
M. D. Peter of Switzerland added dried milk to chocolate and produced
"milk chocolate."
A. Atlee Burpee starts a popular seed company in America.
1877
Birds and Poets. John
Burroughs.
Grapes and Grape Vines of California.
Hannah Millard.
Royal Parks and Gardens of London. Nathan
Cole.
Treatise and Handbook of Orange Culture in Florida.
T. W. Moore.
1878
Robert Koch's (1843-1910) work in the science of bacteriology is very influential.
1879
Gardening Illustrated -
A magazine published by William Robinson.
Typical diet of the Crimean Tatar.
Silas McDowell
(1795-1879). Pomologist in Southern U.S.. Developed thermal belt concept.
Biography.
1880
The Power of Movement in Plants.
Charles Darwin and F. Darwin.
Robert
Fortune (1812-1880), a Scottish plant collector, introduced over 120 new plants to the
West.
1881
1882
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) American
poet, essayist, and philosopher. Emerson 1 Emerson 2
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist, writer, and
theorist. After Darwin's adventures on the Beagle, he married, raised a large
family, and lived in a more rural area outside London. "From 1842 he
lived at Down House, Downe, Kent, a country gentleman among his gardens, conservatories,
pigeons, and fowls. The practical knowledge he gained there, especially in variation and
interbreeding, proved invaluable. Private means enabled him to devote himself to science,
in spite of continuous ill-health" - Biography.
For more information on Charles Darwin: The C. Warren Irvin, Jr., Collection of Charles Darwin and Darwinian, The Origin of the Species, The Descent of Man, The Voyage of the Beagle, Photo, Darwinian Books, Links.
1883
The English Flower Garden.
William Robinson.
Marianne North's flower and plant paintings are collected and
reproduced.
Truck Farming in the South. A.
Oemler.
Woven wire fencing manufactured.
L'Origine des Plantes Cultivees. By the Swiss botanist
Alphonse de Candolle.
1884
Amateur Gardening -
Magazine. First editor: James Shirley Hibberd.
The nontoxic fungal treatment for grapes, Bordeaux, developed by Pierre
Marie Alexis Millardet.
British Apples. A. F. Barron.
The Garden: Its Art and History. Jacob von
Falk.
Handbook of Tree Planting. Nathaniel
H. Egleston.
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian botanist who studied
plant breeding and inheritance.
1885
Fresh Fields. John
Burroughs.
Gravetye Manor, West Hoathly, Sussex, purchased and gardens developed
by William Robinson.
The Marigold Garden. By Kate Greenway. Popular
children's book.
The Origin of Cultivated Plants. A.
Candolle.
Science - American Association for
the Advancement of Science. Monthly journal.
1886
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) American poet
The Old Garden. Margaret Deland (1857-1945)
The Practical Fruit Grower. Samuel T.
Maynard.
Small Fruits. William H. Hills.
1887
Experiments in water filtration with sand at the
Lawrence Experiment Station in Massachusetts.
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. 2 Volumes.
Medizinal Pflanzen. Hermann A. Köhler. Full-text online.
1888
Brandywine tomato seed sold by Johnson and Stokes.
Garden
and Forest: Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art, and Forestry
(1888-1897).
Grape Culture and Wine Making in California. George
Husmann.
The Olive: Its Culture in Theory and Practice.
A. T. Marvin.
Asa Gray
(1810-1888). American botanist.
1889
Charter Gas Engine Company gasoline tractor is
manufactured and sold with success.
The Garden's Story. George Ellwanger.
1890
James Shirley Hibberd (1825-1890) English
garden writer
How to Make the Garden Pay. T. Greiner.
The Raisin Industry. Gustav Eisen.
S. Winogradski isolates bacteria responsible for the transformation of
ammonia to nitrate.
1891
Adopting an Abandoned Farm. Kate
Sanborn (1839-1923).
Garden-Craft Old and New. John D. Sedding.
Landscape Gardening. Samuel Parsons Jr.
New Onion Culture. T. Greiner.
Quotes for Gardeners
Quotes, Sayings, Proverbs, Poetry, Maxims, Quips,
Cliches, Adages, Wisdom
A Collection Growing to Over 2,700 Quotes Arranged by 130 Topics
Many of the Documents Include Recommended Readings and Internet Links.
Compiled by Michael P. Garofalo
1892
Autobiography, and Recollections of Incidents Connected with Horticultural Affairs, 1807-1892. L. Menand.
The Formal Garden in England.
By Reginald Blomfield (1856-1942), English landscape architect, and illustrated by Francis
I. Thomas (1866-1950) English artist and garden designer.
A Text-Book of Agricultural Entomology. Eleanor A.
Ormerod.
1893
Garden Craft Old and New. J.
D. Sedding.
Market Gardening and Farm Notes.
Burnet Landreth.
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Featured many old
style American gardens.
I Welcome Your Comments and Suggestions
1894
The Mountains of California.
John Muir.
Iceberg lettuce introduced by W. Atlee Burpee & Co.
Italian Gardens. Charles A. Platt.
Japanese
Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, is developed for Exposition.
Development of the Luther Burbank Russett potato.
1895
Thomas Henry Huxley (1824-1895).
English biologist, paleontologist, and popularizer of Darwinian theory.
Yi He Yuan, The
Summer Palace Royal Gardens, Beijing, China.
The
Evolution of Horticulture in New England. By Daniel Denison
Slade.
1896
The Bamboo Garden. A. B.
Freeman-Mitford.
Country of the Pointed Furs. Sarah Orne
Jewett (1849-1909)
The Idea of a Garden. Gertrude Jekyll.
William Morris (1834-1896)
Vegetable Gardening. Samuel B. Green.
1897
Gardening in California.
W. S. Lyon.
USDA Secretary James "Tama Jim" Wilson from 1897-1912 during
major expansion of USDA.
1898
The Apple. Kansas
State Horticultural Society.
Housewife in Colonial Days. Alice Earle
Morse.
Livingston's Celery Book. E. J.
Hollister.
Sunset Magazine.
Gardening, home arts, and travel in the Western United States.
1899
Wood and Garden. By Gertrude
Jekyll.
Howell Living History Farm,
New Jersey
The History of Gardening Timeline
The Seventeenth Century: 1600 - 1699
The Eighteenth Century: 1701 - 1799
The Nineteenth Century: 1800 - 1899
The Twentieth Century: 1900 - 1999
Reference Sources and Selected Links
More Quotes
for
Gardeners
Spirituality and Concerns of the Soul
Simplicity
and the Simple Life
Pulling Onions
Quips, Maxims and Observations by Michael P.
Garofalo
Haiku and Zen Poetry - Links, References and Studies
Cliches for Gardeners and Farmers
The History of Gardening
Timeline
From Ancient Times to the 20th Century
Quotes
for Gardeners
Quotes, Sayings, Proverbs, Poetry, Maxims, Quips,
Cliches, Adages, Wisdom
A Collection Growing to Over 2,000 Quotes, Arranged by 105 Topics
Many of the Documents Include Recommended Readings and Internet Links.
Compiled by Michael P. Garofalo
Copyrighted 1999 - 2003 by Michael P. Garofalo.
All rights reserved.
I Welcome Your
Comments, Ideas, Contributions, and Suggestions
E-mail Mike Garofalo in Red Bluff, California
A Short Biography of Michael P. Garofalo
Gardening History Timeline: The Nineteenth Century.
57K. Version 4.3. March 19, 2003.
This document was first distributed on the Internet on January 1, 1999.
Index to the History of Gardening Timeline